The Definition of a Solid in Chemistry and Science

The Definition of a Solid in Chemistry and Science A  solid is a  state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer than the particles in a gas or liquid. The reason a solid has a rigid shape is that the atoms or molecules are tightly connected via chemical bonds. The bonding may produce either a regular lattice (as seen in ice, metals, and crystals) or an amorphous shape (as seen in glass or amorphous carbon).  A solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with liquids, gases, and plasma. Solid state physics and solid state chemistry are two branches of science dedicated to studying the properties and synthesis of solids. Examples of Solids The matter with a defined shape and volume is solid. There are many examples: A brickA pennyA piece of woodA chunk of aluminum metal (or any metal at room temperature except mercury)Diamond (and most other crystals) Examples of things that are not solids include liquid water, air, liquid crystals, hydrogen gas, and smoke. Classes of Solids The different types of chemical bonds that join the particles in solids exert characteristic forces that can be used to classify solids. Ionic bonds (e.g. in table salt or NaCl) are strong bonds that often result in crystalline structures that may dissociate to form ions in water. Covalent bonds (e.g., in sugar or sucrose) involve the sharing of valence electrons. Electrons in metals seem to flow because of metallic bonding. Organic compounds often contain covalent bonds and interactions between separate portions of the molecule due to van der Waals forces. Major classes of solids include: Minerals:  Minerals are natural solids formed by geological processes. A mineral has a uniform structure. Examples include diamond, salts, and mica.Metals:  Solid metals include elements (e.g., silver) and alloys (e.g., steel). Metals are typically hard, ductile, malleable, and excellent conductors of heat and electricity.Ceramics:  Ceramics are solids consisting of inorganic compounds, usually oxides. Ceramics tend to be hard, brittle, and corrosions include silicon and gallium arsenide. Nanomaterials:  Nanomaterials are tiny solid particles at the nanometer size. These solids may display very different physical and chemical properties from large-scale versions of the same materials. or example, gold nanoparticles are red and melt at a lower temperature than gold metal.Biomaterials:  These are natural materials, such as collagen and bone, that are often capable of self-assembly.

Community Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Article

Community Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus - Article Example As the research stresses the etiology of CA-MRSA infections includes presentation of small series of soft tissue infections, pneumonia or bacteremia in both adult and pediatric patients. Strains of CA-MRSA produces symptoms that range from subtle to life threatening. The most common lesions were abscesses and cellulitis which presented as single lesions involving extremities. Patients with abscesses may have no fever or leukocytosis. Abscesses are mostly accompanied by central necrosis and surrounding cellulitis. Multiple boils are usually characteristics and occur in outbreaks but is a less frequent presentation of CA--MRSA. In addition, scalded skin syndrome and impendigo are usually uncommon. Myositis and pyositis are also rare infections that involve pelvis or lower extremities. Some patients may also have associated bacteremia and septic shock. According to the report there is an increasing rate of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus that has led to study of potential medicinal herbs for treatment. Some plants extracts have antimicrobial activity and can be great significance in therapeutic treatment. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were vulnerable to extracts of Punica granatum and Tabebuia avellanedae, which are Brazillian traditional medicinal herbs. Two naphthoquinones isolated from T. avellanedae and ellagitannins isolated from P. granatum were mixed and they exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

European Union (different policies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Union (different policies) - Essay Example The European Council have agreed to extend the EU scope to countries in the South and East Europe including Croatia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Turkey (European Commission). These candidates are then given financial assistance "so they can introduce the necessary political, economic and institutional reforms in line with the EU standard" (European Commission). It provides for economic reform leading to economic growth and better employment prospects (European Commission). One of the necessary tracks for the regional enlargement is the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). This is particularly done by having one currency which is the Euro. The adoption of the Euro is the culmination of the three stages of economic policy (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). But prior to adopting the Euro, "a member state has to have its currency in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) for two years" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). So far, sixteen of the members have adopted the Euro. Only the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden have not accepted the third stage and they still use their own currency. To pursue a sustainable growth in agriculture, the EU adopted a fundamental reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). "The new CAP will be geared towards consumers and taxpayers, while giving EU farmers the freedom to produce what the market wants" (European Commission). This will create a 'single farm payments' "which will be linked to the respect of environmental, food safety and animal welfare standards" (European Commission). To give much authority to the Member state to oversee production, they "may choose to maintain a limited link between subsidy and production under well defined conditions and within clear limits" (European Commission). The Europan union has high dreams of economic prosperity among its members, being the largest regional economy in the world. The question however is what would happen to the diaparity betweena nd among the Member States. There are two opposing theories to look at: the convergence theory which predicts that countries will even out in the future and the cumulative causation which will exacerbate divergence and economic differences. With the way the EU supports its members, we see that convergence is more likely to happen, especially that the poorer countries are given the chance to strengthen their economy before finally doing direct trade and contact with other Member States. This necessary preparation for all EU members is what differentiates the European Union from other regional economic group. Envioronmental Policy The European Union believes that "the environment is essential for the quality of life of current and future generations" (SCADPlus). "The EU's priorities are combating climate change, protecting biodiversity, reducing the impact of pollution on health and better use of natural resources" (SCADPlus). Since climate change poses great danger to the entire region, the EU has formulated policies in combating them. Starting from the European Climate Change Program, "the European Union has come up with realistic climate change strategies advocating practical action to prevent temperatures from increasing to

Alexander Gorsky Russian Choreographer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander Gorsky Russian Choreographer - Essay Example The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century were characterized by a recovery period of the arts in Moscow, only ballet didn't experience any advances. The Moscow Ballet suffered the longest decline in its history. The theatre didn't have a position of choreographer, even in the staff list; the popularity of the theater was so low that hall was seldom filled to a one-third, and the company of the theatre included only 70 dancers. The only functioning department of the Moscow Ballet was the ballet school, for the most part, due to the talents and enthusiasm of V. Tikhomirov and I. Nikitin. Nevertheless, the Moscow Ballet required strong manager-director to change the situation with attendance and the theater repertory.Alexander Gorsky started on the position of the Moscow Ballet' choreographer with famous ballet Don Quixote". Actually, it wasn't a new development but a revision of Petipa's version. Alexander Gorsky spent 18 months to prepare the ballet for staging. He invited the famous painters Korovin and Golovin to develop the design and produce scene settings and dressing for dancers. Gorsky managed to revive the atmosphere of Spain in the ballet. Although I must admit that Gorsky staging of Don Quixote" was quite different to Petipa's one, he left some sections without a change. Gorsky interpreted ballet as an instrument in understanding a unity of art and performance."Don Quixote" was staged in 1900 and it became the herald of the Moscow Ballet recovery.... Alexander Gorsky as a director. The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century were characterized by a recovery period of the arts in Moscow, only ballet didn't experience any advances. The Moscow Ballet suffered the longest decline in its history. The theatre didn't have position of choreographer, even in the staff list; popularity of the theater was so low that hall was seldom filled to a one-third; and the company of the theatre included only 70 dancers. The only functioning department of the Moscow Ballet was the ballet school, for the most part due to the talents and enthusiasm of V. Tikhomirov and I. Nikitin. Nevertheless the Moscow Ballet required strong manager-director to change the situation with attendance and the theater repertory. Alexander Gorsky started on the position of the Moscow Ballet' choreographer with famous ballet Don Quixote". Actually it wasn't a new development but a revision of Petipa's version. Alexander Gorsky spent 18 months to prepare the ballet for staging. He invited the famous painters Korovin and Golovin to develop design and produce scene settings and dressing for dancers. Gorsky managed to revive atmosphere of Spain in the ballet. Although I must admit that Gorsky staging of Don Quixote" was quite different to Petipa's one, he left some sections without a change. Gorsky interpreted ballet as an instrument in understanding a unity of artistism and performance. Don Quixote" was staged in 1900 and it became the herald of the Moscow Ballet recovery. In spite of the mixed comments of ballets critics, the theatre attendance began to increase. The next great

Gender and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and the Media - Essay Example The masculine is attributed to males while the feminine to the females. The document below analyzes the way media displays husbands as commercial or entrepreneurs while wives are always linked with kitchen or home matters (Carter 2). Mixed sentiments always feature concerning this matter some aiming to support while others stand to condemn it. I wish to counter this statement. Media is vital in creating social norms. This is because various media forms including television, film, and advertisements are available everywhere in the world today. The existence of gender roles is sole as a result of society choosing to accept them. However, the media tends to perpetuate them. According to Carter (2011), mass media like news industries, entertainment and advertising tend to portray men as well as women with stereotypes whereby ladies or wives are placed in deprived situations such as submissive and passive roles. Men or husbands, on the other hand, are usually revealed to have a likelihood of succeeding and always concerned with their occupations. Consequently, power relations and the traditional gender roles have become deeply interiorized in the sub-consciousness via the mass media. Biblically as well as according to the social set up, men are obligated to provide for the family. They are, therefore, required to be aggressive so as to put something on the table for their wives and children. The scenario of husbands being revealed as commercially oriented persons while wives as people dealing with domestic matters is an understandable fact. This is because for husbands to provide, they have to be entrepreneurs or focused on their occupations (Warren 2). Wives, on the other hand, have the right to be at home minding the domestic matters since the husband is providing. It is hence justifiable to say that husbands are commercial while wives are only meant for the kitchen matters.

The rights and responsibilities that the Constitution gives American Research Paper

The rights and responsibilities that the Constitution gives American citizens - Research Paper Example It meant that a citizen, as a matter of right, cannot be arrested, detained nor its property be seized without justifiable cause and procedures. Each American has the right to the â€Å"due process of law that protects all these rights. The principle of due process clause is found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and states that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law† (Rights and Responsibilities of American Citizens). The principle of due process ensures that the laws must be fair and reasonable, must be in accordance with the Constitution, and must apply to everyone equally. b. Right to equality The right to equality is one of the crowning glories of American society where everybody has the same rights and privileges from where the lowest menial worker in the country has the same right and privilege of that of the highest officer or richest man in the land. The right to equality is guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amend ment. It meant that every citizen is entitled to the same equal protection of laws in the United States regardless of race, creed or political orientation. This right protects every American from discrimination and arbitrary treatment that ranges from work opportunities to availing of social services. c. Right to liberty This guaranteed right of each American made United States the proverbial â€Å"land of the free†. ... r the constitution Vote in federal elections Serve on a jury Bring family members to the United States Obtain citizenship for children born abroad Travel with a U.S. passport Run for federal office Become eligible for federal grants and scholarship These rights however come with a duty to ensure that such rights are enjoyed by every citizen and to ensure the perpetuity of the political condition that make the enjoyment of such rights possible. Duties are mandatory and are subjected to penalty under the law while responsibilities are done voluntarily and are a positive response from a citizen to contribute to the government and community that his or her enjoyment of rights may continue. Duties every American citizens Obey the law Pay taxes Defend the country Serve in court Attend school Responsibilities of every American citizen Know your right as a citizen that they may be preserved Respect the rights of others Serve the community II. Questions: a. To what extent does the Constitutio n protect the right of privacy?   The â€Å"right to privacy† is not literally stated in the Constitution of the United States. In fact, the word â€Å"privacy† cannot even be found. And so are other important rights like the right to marriage and family. It is because the constitution only spells out what the government can do what the people can do. The constitution limits or delineates the powers that the government is authorized to exercise. Examples of these are the prohibition of the authorities to keep a person in jail indefinitely without the benefit of a fair trial, nor can it search or seize properties without due process of law nor the government can enact laws that will abridge the rights of the freedom of speech, assembly, religion etch. This explains the absence of the literal

Gender and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender and the Media - Essay Example The masculine is attributed to males while the feminine to the females. The document below analyzes the way media displays husbands as commercial or entrepreneurs while wives are always linked with kitchen or home matters (Carter 2). Mixed sentiments always feature concerning this matter some aiming to support while others stand to condemn it. I wish to counter this statement. Media is vital in creating social norms. This is because various media forms including television, film, and advertisements are available everywhere in the world today. The existence of gender roles is sole as a result of society choosing to accept them. However, the media tends to perpetuate them. According to Carter (2011), mass media like news industries, entertainment and advertising tend to portray men as well as women with stereotypes whereby ladies or wives are placed in deprived situations such as submissive and passive roles. Men or husbands, on the other hand, are usually revealed to have a likelihood of succeeding and always concerned with their occupations. Consequently, power relations and the traditional gender roles have become deeply interiorized in the sub-consciousness via the mass media. Biblically as well as according to the social set up, men are obligated to provide for the family. They are, therefore, required to be aggressive so as to put something on the table for their wives and children. The scenario of husbands being revealed as commercially oriented persons while wives as people dealing with domestic matters is an understandable fact. This is because for husbands to provide, they have to be entrepreneurs or focused on their occupations (Warren 2). Wives, on the other hand, have the right to be at home minding the domestic matters since the husband is providing. It is hence justifiable to say that husbands are commercial while wives are only meant for the kitchen matters.