Human Nature and the Goodness of a Person in Plato’s Republic I Essay

Hailed as Plato’s greatest masterpiece, the Republic is considered one of the best guides of ethics and politics not only in a5th century Greece but in modern and contemporary times. Just like in the Dialogues, throughout all the sections or books of the Republic, the main character is Plato’s mentor, Socrates, whose conversations with prominent Greek personalities on the subjects of ethics and politics the former documents. Book One is particularly important as it opens the series of dialogues that discusses ideas relevant to human nature and the definition of a good man. This paper seeks to present the views of Plato on the subjects of wealth, friendship and justice as it relates to the idea of what a good man should be. The Important Points of Republic I on Human Nature The ideas on human nature and goodness in Book One of the Republic are hinged upon the important points in the conversations among Socrates, Cephalus, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus. On Wealth. Socrates talks to Cephalus in the first part of the first book of the Republic. Socrates is curious about Cephalus’ mild demeanor when it comes to his wealth. First of all, Socrates states that in order for one to value money, he has to make it himself. He speaks of this important concept in the following statement of his to Cephalus: â€Å"Men who have made money take this money seriously as their own creation and they also value it for its uses as other people do† (Plato, Republic I, 330c). Socrates points out further that â€Å"those who have themselves acquired [their money] have a double reason in comparison with other men for loving it† (330c) and â€Å"so [the men who have made money] are hard to talk to since they are unwilling to commend anything except wealth† (330c). In short, Cephalus states that â€Å"the best thing about wealth is that it can save us from being unjust and thus smooth the way for an agreeable afterlife† (Brown). This is clearly one of the best insights on human nature related to wealth. This line implies that a good man is supposed to make his own money in order for him to appreciate it much and to value it. Wasteful men who do not value their money may have been those who did not make their own money and have acquired it only through inheritance. The second important point regarding how wealth relates to human nature is that a good man should know that the importance of money is for him not to cheat his fellowman. Socrates asks Cephalus â€Å"What do you regard as the greatest benefit you have enjoyed from the possession of property? † (330d). And after a long explanation, Cephalus answers, â€Å"I affirm that the possession of wealth is of most value not to cheat any man [and] not remaining in debt to a god for some sacrifice or to a man for money [and] it has also many other uses† (331a-331b). It is clear from a Cephalus’ statement that the purpose of money is not to do harm to one’s fellowman even though this harm is unintentional. He therefore presumes that a man who does not have enough money has a natural tendency to wrong his fellowman. It is therefore imperative that people should make money for such a purpose. On Friendship. From the subject of wealth as it relates to human nature, Socrates concludes that the purpose of acquiring wealth is somehow based on the idea of doing justice to one’s fellowman. And this idea of justice extends to friendship. In the conversations between Socrates and Polemarchus, one of the conclusions they have arrived at is that it is but just for one to do good to his friends and not to do evil. This is explicitly stated by Polemarchus as: â€Å"Friends owe it to friends to do them some good and no evil† (332a). This is based on the saying according to Polemarchus that â€Å"according to Simonides, it is just to give to each what is owed [or due] to him† (Humphrey), which means that because your friends do good to you and not bad, then it is but just to return the favor. Polemarchus also says that in order to do justice to one’s enemies, one should do to him â€Å"what also is proper for him [and] some evil† (332b). This means that since one’s enemies do bad things then one should give them a taste of their own medicine through doing bad things too. On Justice. Both the aforementioned subjects of wealth and friendship as they relate to human nature can be reduced to the idea of justice. The ideas on how justice relates to human nature are somehow lifted from the dialogue between Socrates and Thrasymachus. A just man first of all should not try to take advantage of another man. Socrates asks Thrasymachus, â€Å"Do you think the just man would want to overreach or exceed another just man? † (349b) and he answers, â€Å"By no means† (349b). This means that a just man recognizes the fact that since the other person has not wronged him, he has no right to wrong him either. However, Thrasymachus states that a just man would deem it proper and just to overreach an unjust man, although â€Å"[the just man] wouldn’t be able to† (349b). This means that if someone wrongs a just man, he would think it is but just to retaliate, only that out of kindness he might not be able to do it. However, it is implied here by Thrasymachus that a just man may rejoice when the unjust are punished for the former thinks just punishment is well-deserved. However, it is believed that this provides â€Å"a contrast to the preciseness of Socrates’ claims† (Kanak). Nevertheless the just man is still better than the unjust man, for â€Å"the just man does not seek to take advantage of his like but of his unlike, but the unjust man of both. (349c-349d) From the aforementioned statements, it has been concluded that â€Å"the just man is like the wise and good, and the unjust is like the bad and the ignoramus† (350c). The â€Å"wise and good† man, or the â€Å"just† man, according to the Republic, is not really someone who accepts all ridicule and unjust treatment without question. He is rather someone who treats in a good way those who do good to him and may choose to treat in a similar way those who do bad things to him. This is basically the idea of a just and good man based on the first book of the Republic. Conclusion The good man according to Book One of the Republic is the man who is just. Specifically, he is a firstly a man who makes his own wealth in order that he may appreciate it. He is also one who â€Å"recognizes that the importance of money is for one to be able to treat his fellowman justly and to avoid causing any unjust treatment† (Kozlovic). Moreover, a good man is one who gives to his friend what is due him and to his enemy some evil that he rightfully deserves. Lastly and most importantly, a good man is a man who does to others what others do to him, whether this is good or bad, although out of kindness he may choose not to do something bad. Nevertheless, a good man believes that a just punishment should serve its necessary purpose. We therefore learn so much from the words of Cephalus: â€Å"When a man lives out his days in justice and piety, sweet companion [is] with him, to cheer his heart and nurse his old age. † (331a)

Obesity in Children Essay

What parents allow their children to eat can affect their bodies and their life. Most children don’t realize the effects of long term illnesses such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart condition and high blood pressure. Taxing unhealthful foods and beverages could prove an important strategy to overconsumption and potentially aid in weight loss and reduced rates of diabetes among children and adults. Junk food should be taxed because it will reduce obesity, type 2 diabetes, and health care costs. First of all, taxing junk food will lower obesity among Americans. The increase in both soda and pizza found that many Americans would still buy junk food regardless of a price increase. Taxing of sugary beverages at a penny-per-ounce rate with the goal of decreasing consumption of obesity caused in drinks. The junk food tax would fund obesity related health initiatives such as diabetes care. Obesity has been acknowledged as a national problem, notion of taxing junk food doesn’t seem so bad. Secondly, Americans need to take better control over what they eat and what they feed their children. We must take a stand against obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease in children and young adults. Most fast foods contain process meats and considered unhealthy in children. Americans don’t have an ideal what they are eating in fast food restaurants. How the government determined what foods should be served in schools. A couple of school systems such as Texas and California had a great idea to remove soft drinks, pop, soda, energy drinks and cola from the schools lunch rooms along with fast foods such as burgers, French fries, hot ogs and convenience stores, too fight the obesity epidemic among the United States and children. Replace drinks with orange juice, and water. Replace fast foods with fresh fruits, vegetables, salads and exercise. Obesity in the United States has risen from 48 percent to 65 percent within the last thirty years and so has health care which has sky racket. We need to be more proactive in saving our children by eating healthier f oods in the home and school. Schools need to change the vending machines to reflect eating healthy will help the body to become healthier. The school environment, nutrition, organizational support groups, school policies that take away things such as sweetened beverages, and replace them with water, juice, fruit, vegetables and less junk food. Availability of less healthful food and beverages in schools is worldwide. Despite changes in improving school food environment, availability of high fat food such things as pizza and hamburgers remain high in United States schools. Canadian elementary schools seem to have fewer vending machines, but less healthful food and beverages are available to all grades as they are made available through outlets such as cafeteria, school stores. It is said that schools may influence students into eating unhealthy by the lunches they provide and the vending machines that are in schools. Lastly, fast foods are not good because they have no nutrition value, most children that consume fast foods on a daily basic start to gain weight due to lack of exercise. Children watch more TV and play more video games than exercising. Less exercise in schools, have also been a major factor contributing to obesity in children. Fast foods make children tired, the more you eat the less energy you have. When you walk into a store whether it’s a large grocery store or a small convenience store the lack of fruits and vegetables are small. Most children and adults are unaware that they have high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Most children who suffer from obesity also have a high rate of asthma. It would be a good idea if governments would rate schools on lunches they are providing to students. The school should prohibit advertising of fast foods, sweets and pop, prohibit use of less healthful foods , provide advertising that deals with eating healthy and healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, seek educational requirements for school food and include requirements for nutrition education. Include exercise in the diet each day that way children won’t feel tried after eating lunch. They will burn off fast and their bodies will feel better and become better in the long run. We need our children to be healthy. We need to avoid sickness, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure. Americans need to limit the intake of fast foods and start looking at healthy choices for themselves and their children. Medical bills have sky racket. If we plan to keep our generation of children around we better start looking at better ways of eating and providing nutrient in our everyday diet. Most people have cars, less people walk, ride bikes, or exercise. We have become lazy when it comes to exercise and eating healthy. Look at your children and ask yourself, do I want my child to continue looking like this, obese, sick and unhealthy.

Confessions of the Worlds Worst Parent

The essay written by Jerri Cook titled Confessions of the World’s Worst Parent, is based on the book Free Range Kids: Giving Our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry written by author Lenore Skenazy (Cook). Cook provides similarities about raising her son and uses Skenazy’s experiences as they both point out the feeling of being judged by â€Å"good† parents because they gave their children the freedom to explore life without constant supervision. Cook shows the struggles between raising children the way she was raised and the way society wants them to be raised today.Cook explains to the audience in a humorous fashion the questions that all parents deal with, children and their freedom to explore and the paranoia that they will be hurt or taken. Presently the planet is dealing with the age of too much information, along with this comes misinformation and overinflated imaginations. Cook mentions that life for children was different when she w as a child; children were left to their own devices and the parents trusted them to do the right thing and it did not do any harm (Cook). Cook explains throughout her that society may be producing a planet filled with paranoid parents and children  that cannot fend for themselves.Should parents give their children more responsibility and trust to explore and acquire life skills on their own? The method that Cook uses to make her point to the audience throughout her essay is an anecdotal technique. She uses examples from her own life raising her son and quotes from Skenazy’s book to find a personal common ground with parents raising children. Cook points out the criticisms that Skenazy faced when opening her personal life to the media and sharing her child rearing skills.The use of Cook’s anecdotal technique allows the readers to find a common ground with the author that is familiar and comforting. The humorous way that Cook invites the reader into her life can appeal to parents that might think they are alone with their child rearing fears about not being a good enough parent; this style of writing could comfort a parent to make them feel they are not alone. Cook uses her research to find valid reasons to why parents today are too overprotective and paranoid and shares this interesting information with the audience.To begin with, Cook gives the audience an example of how her son â€Å"Josh told a classmate about throwing rocks at some beavers, and a teacher overheard† the school was â€Å"concerned that the children were 1) being made to work too hard in the garden and 2) that they weren’t being properly supervised† (Cook). Cook mentions that she was confused by the concern, and wondered if she was expected to â€Å"get in the car and go get them? † (Cook). Unfortunately for Cook and her children, the experience left a lasting impression of guilt and that Cook never wanted to be seen as â€Å"the â€Å"bad† p arent† again (Cook).From that point on Cook was â€Å"constantly at their side† (Cook) even though it caused some distress to her and her family. Similarly, Cook mentions that Skenazy â€Å"was nearly devoured by the media and other parents† because â€Å"she let her nine year old son ride the New York subway alone† (Cook). Skenazy wrote a column about her son’s adventure for the â€Å"New York Sun† (Cook) and it had caused her to be â€Å"criticized by every child safety â€Å"expert† (Cook) which in turn initiated an investigation of neglect for her son.Cook uses this example to show the different methods of parenting that exist and that some parents still feel that their children are fully capable and intelligent enough to make good choices. On the other hand Cook explains the paranoid state of affairs that the â€Å"good parents† (Cook) are inflicting on their children. As a result, Cook mentions that Skenazy started her ow n investigation into the actual facts and statistics about children and safety. Through Cook’s description of Skenazy’s investigations she learned that â€Å"Not only is the fear irrational, according to the statisticians Skenazy interviewed, it’s based solely on perception.† (Cook).This â€Å"perception† (Cook) can also be altered by the â€Å"issue of parent peer pressure† (Cook). Cook quotes Skenazy by writing, â€Å"Hell hath no fury like a self-righteous parent† (Cook). Furthermore, Cook explains Skenazy’s idea of the â€Å"helicopter parent† (Cook) that hover over their children â€Å"wasting their time, responding to threats that don’t exist† (Cook). Cook illustrates the idea about the old question of â€Å"how many cases have there been of children being injured or killed by tainted Halloween candy? † (Cook).After doing some research and asking questions the answer to the question turned out to be â€Å"none† (Cook). An â€Å"urban legend† (Cook) that unfortunately began with a horrible incident involving â€Å"relatives, in attempt to save their sorry selves, sprinkled some of the drug on the dead child’s Halloween candy after a child got into a relative’s stash of heroin and died† (Cook). This unfortunate incident has caused panic and concern for parents during Halloween for decades and to the dismay of children when a large portion of their candy was put in the garbage because it looked tampered with.In conclusion, Cook wrote this essay to humorously explain with anecdotes the trivial nonsense guilt that the â€Å"good parents† inflict on other parents that do not have the same views on the supervision of children. Cook tries to ease some of the guilt and inadequacy of being a â€Å"bad parent†. Cook makes light about not following parental peer pressure and raising their children as they feel comfortable and in the be st interest of their children.

Commercialism in Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commercialism in Schools - Research Paper Example addition, it is only natural to want to have more and if schools could gain by developing partnerships with commerce, they wanted to try to get the extras to give more to the school and students. Thus, the trends for commercialism in schools continued to present an increase, despite much debate and criticism. State legislatures and school supervisors did eventually present some rules designed to ensure that commercial partnerships in which schools engaged remained within ethical limits to ensure that no harm to students ensued. However, commercialism in schools is open to creativity and some even go so far as to recommend commercial partnerships for schools. This essay presents a discussion about the commercialism in schools phenomenon and concludes that it is possible for schools to enter into healthy partnerships with commerce that benefit everyone. Commercialism in educational institutions is not something that is new and it had been commonly found and routinely accepted in schools in the United States of America from times prior to the early 1990s (Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1991). The previously cited report suggests that state legislatures within the United States of America had been concerned about the phenomenon since the early 1990s and tried to examine the impact of commercialism in schools on students and their education. However, according to (Molnar, 2006), the commercialism phenomenon in schools in the United States of America, Canada and in other parts of the world had taken an aggressive turn since then, prior to declining somewhat towards the end of the year 2006. Researchers suggested that a chronic shortage of funds for schools was the reason for commercialism in schools. Larson (2002) suggests that despite the concerns expressed by the state legislatures in the United States of America, businesses had been increasingly making inroads into the classrooms of the underfunded schools in the country.

The House of Lords Lynn Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The House of Lords Lynn - Case Study Example The question then arises what type of conduct will be sufficient to infer a common intention to share ownership Lord Bridge appears to suggest in Lloyds that indirect contributions are insufficient to found a beneficial interest under an implied constructive trust too: "In this situation direct contributions to the purchase price by the partner who is not the legal owner, whether initially or by payment of mortgage instalments, will readily justify the inference necessary for the creation of a constructive trust. But, as I read the authorities, it is at least extremely doubtful whether anything less will do." It is not clear to which cases Lord Bridges is referring in his final sentence. There are high profile cases where it is argued that indirect contributions should be regarded as evidence that an agreement for a beneficial interest should be inferred: Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886 and Burns v Burns [1984] 1 Ch 317. The line of reasoning in these cases suggest that it is not just the making of the indirect contribution; there must also have been the aim of assisting in the purchase of the property and/or that without that contribution the mortgage would not have been paid. "Contributions are not limited to those made directly in part payment of the price of the property or to those made at the time when the property is conveyed into the name of one of the spouses. For instance there can be a contribution if by arrangement between the spouses one of them by payment of the household expenses enables the other to pay the mortgage instalments." Given the importance of precedent in English law it is submitted that Lord Bridge's statement could not have been meant to overrule such authorities. Clearly there is established authority that in appropriate circumstances the court may infer that the parties' common intention was to give the claimant an interest by way of indirect contributions. We are told that 'Mike would not have been able to meet the mortgage payments out of his own salary' had Lynn not worked part-time to discharge the other household expenses. There is clearly a link between the mortgage payments and the expenses undertaken by Lynn. It is therefore submitted that Le Foe v Le Foe [2001] 2 FLR 970 is consistent with Lord Bridge's speech in Lloyds and in fact is a direct application of precedent in this area. As Mr Mostyn QC himself said: "I believe that a fair reading of [May LJ's judgement in Burns v. Burns [1984] FLR 216] is that such a state of affairs should suffice to enable the necessary inference to be drawn. Otherwise these cases would be decided by reference to mere accidents of fortune, being the arbitrary allocation of financial responsibility as between the parties." Le Foe is an illustration of such contributions and their effects, where the court construed the Lloyds' principles and concluded that the claimant will be entitled to a beneficial interest by way of indirect contributions in exceptional circumstances. It is therefore submitted that at first instance and appeal Lord Bridge's remarks have been misinterpreted and that Lynn does indeed have a beneficial interest in the property via an implied constructive trust. Waite LJ's judgement in Midland Bank plc v Cooke [1995] 4 All ER 562 goes to quantification of the

Sex Offender Registration and Recidivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex Offender Registration and Recidivism - Essay Example   The concept of sex offender registration and notification has been practiced in the American community since the end of 1900s. Research professionals have noted that scarcity of valuable information about the history of sex offender registration in the United States affects their studies. As Richard Gordon Wrights observes, â€Å"despite this lack of information, States began re-embracing the notion of sex offender registration in the 1890s† (Wright, 2009, p. 212).   In 1994 certain states including Florida demanded convicted sex offenders to document their addresses with regional law enforcement agencies. After this, the Congress passed the Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Act. The law is considered as the most significant step in the history of sex offender registration in the United States. ... As per the instructions of The Jacob Wetterling Act, all states introduced various policies to develop and maintain sex offenders register. In this respect, Elizabeth J. Letourneau et al point out that â€Å"the Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996 required the development of a nationwide registry to prevent offenders from escaping registration requirements by moving from state to state† (Letourneau, Levenson, Bandyopadhyay, Sinha & Armstrong, 2010). From its initial stages all these registration laws are referred to as â€Å"Megan’s Laws† in the United States in mark of respect to a child victim, Megan Kankla: â€Å"these laws have typically been refereed to as â€Å"Megan’s Laws† in the United States   in tribute   to a child victim, Megan Kankla who was kidnapped, raped and murdered† (Hanser, 2009, p. 169). During the initial stages the making and maintaining of sex offender registrations were mainly conc entrated to prevent sexual offenses in the society and then it deviated to other areas of the judiciary. It is highly remarkable that there is a gradual growth in the process of registering and notifying the information of convicted sex offenders in the United States in recent years. The government can ensure transparency and public involvement in legal procedure. Current status of sex offender register reveals its importance in society. The report submitted to the California Legislature in 2002 underlines the growing status of sex offender registration. The report states that â€Å"currently, about half of our state’s law enforcement agencies notify residents, schools, or businesses of nearby high risk or serious sex offenders or make the information available to the  public†.

Iters 234 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iters 234 - Essay Example She would first demonstrate stringing the beads to the children, then allow children to string beads on as they please. The teacher should make comments as the children play, such as "How many beads do you have so far?" or "What color beads did you use?". These questions are a good way to get an idea of a childs knowledge base. This activity meets the ITERS requirement because the stringing of the beads helps strengthen fine motor control and knowledge of colors and numbers is reinforced, which contributes to academic readiness. In this activity, the teacher would set out several knob puzzles on a table and allow children to come to the table as a free choice center. At first, the teacher should play with a puzzle, to model for the children. Then, she should let the children play with the puzzles. If children get frustrated, the teacher may show the child how to turn a puzzle piece around, but she should not do it for the child. This activity meets the ITERS requirement because it strengthens fine motor control and helps develop memory skills, which contributes to academic readiness. Before the activity, the teacher will need to make the dough and refrigerate it, so that it can be firm for the activity. This activity is best to do with individuals or small groups (2 to 3 children). The teacher should allow each child to make a sculpture, then put the sculptures on a baking sheet. Once the children have finished sculpting, their creations can be baked into tasty snacks at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for 5-10 minutes. This activity meets ITERS standards because it is an open ended activity that allows them to express themselves creatively. This is a two part activity, best done with two children or one child at a time. In the first part, the teacher takes each childs handprint in green paint, on the bottom center of the white paper. In the second part of the activity, the teacher allows the child to finish

Training and developing an age diverse workforce in SMEs Assignment

Training and developing an age diverse workforce in SMEs - Assignment Example so offers important clarifications in regard to T&D plans developed in SMEs, especially in regard to the differences between these plans and those used in large firms. At a first level, it is noted that the owners of SMEs have to face changes on a continuous basis. Large firms may also have to face such problem but with the following difference: for SMEs failing in coping with change could result to the closure of the business while in large firms funds and time could retrieved easier for managing the particular situation. Another important issue highlighted in the particular article is the following one: in SMEs the success of T&D is strongly depended on the skills and capabilities of owners who are those who will undertake all tasks related to T&D, including the design and monitoring phases of the T&D plan involved (Beaver and Hutchings 2005). In addition, different modes of T&D seem to be preferred in SMEs, compared to the large firms: in SMEs ‘on-the-job training schemesâ⠂¬â„¢ (Beaver and Hutchings 2005, p.593) seem to be preferred while in large firms ‘off-the-job T&D schemes’ (Beaver and Hutchings 2005, p.593) are quite common. Especially in regard to the T&D schemes for diverse workforce, SMEs can be more effective, since the smaller number of employees allows the limitation of time for copying with change. The above characteristic of SMEs is described as their major advantage in regard to the management of diversity, an activity that it is closely related to the identification of effective T&D schemes (Beaver and Hutchings 2005, p.599). Since 2005, the time point to which the article of Beaver and Hutchings refers, a series of changes has introduced in regard to the working environment. These changes vary, covering different areas. The specific phenomenon is reflected in the literature published in this area. Depending on the type of change involved in organizational environment, different initiatives in regard to a firm’s T&D schemes would be

Business and Financial Environment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and Financial Environment 2 - Essay Example (Moles and Terry, 1997). A firm faces finances risk if there is a high probability that it might be unable to meet its fixed financial obligations or prior chares such as interest, principal repayments, lease payments, or preferred stock dividends. Financial risk is therefore risk arising from the use of debt finance, which requires periodic payments of interest and principal and may not be covered by the firm's operating cash flows. (Moles and Terry, 1997). The capital structure of a firm is made up of both debt and equity components. Although the use of debt in financing part of the firm's operations is advantageous to the firm, these advantages tend to disappear when too much debt is used. In effect when debt is used above the optimum level, the result is financial distress. (Ross et al, 1999). Ross et al (1999) asserts that debt puts pressure on the firm, since interest and principal repayments as well as short-term payables are financial obligations. In the event where these obligations are not met, the firm may risk some sort of financial distress. (Ross et al, 1999). Debt obligations are fundamentally different from stock obligations in that bondholders are legally entitled to interest and principal repayments more than stockholders are legally entitled to dividends. (Ross et al, 1999). ... (Ross et al, 1999). Although debt carries a tax advantage, the costs of financial distress tend to offset this advantage when debt is used above the optimal level. (Ross et al, 1999). The optimal level of debt can be referred to as the debt level that provides the maximum firm value. the value of the firm begins to disappear once this debt level is exceeded. (Ross et al, 1999). The firm should therefore adopt a debt-to-equity ratio that maximizes the value of the firm. (Ross et al, 1999). Question (ii) WCOA Ltd Ordinary Shareholders' Required Rate of Return. Under this section, the required rate of return is calculated under the assumption that the risk class of the new investment remains the same as the risk of the original investment. This calculation is done before and after the issue of the new debentures. Having said this we now calculate the required rate of return before the issue of the new debentures and we later calculate the return after the issue of the new debentures. a) Required Rate of Return for WCOA Ordinary Shareholders Before the issue of the New Debentures.1 Earnings from original investments 64.000 Earnings from new investment 8.000 Total Earnings before interest 72.000 Interest (8% of 320,000) 25.600 Earnings after interest 46.400 Number of shares outstanding 130.000 Earnings per share (EPS) 0,3569 Book Value 260.000 Book Value per share 2 Expected Return on ordinary equity shares (ROE) 17,85% b) Required Rate of Return for WCOA Ordinary Shareholders after the issue of the New Debentures.2 Earnings from original investments 64.000 Earnings from new investment 8.000 Total Earnings before interest 72.000 Interest (8% of 400,000)

Rules Are Not Necessarily Sacred Essay Example for Free

Rules Are Not Necessarily Sacred Essay Living in the twenty first century, it is imperative for us to be familiar with the do’s and don’ts of being successful. Surely none of us are oblivious of the ‘planning, working hard and then patiently waiting for the sweet fruit to be delivered’ way of procuring success but we also aren’t unmindful of the proper attitude which is required to achieve success.It is necessary for that attitude to be developed in an individual from the beginning and the school plays an important part in its development. Everything about the school from the extra-curricular activities it offers to its uniform has a valuable role in that attitude’s development. The acceptance of casual clothes in place of uniforms has been a major issue for over a decade now as there is a colossal difference between the two. One has to interpret that when the uniform provides a significant sense of equality then casual clothes provide its Lilliputian version. With the uniform policy being enforced in a school, the students are able to concentrate on their studies in a better regard as they don’t have to stay up late at night to determine which designer clothing’s they will have to brag about the next day. Along with being carefree about designer labels they will also not be bullied or teased just because of them not being capable to afford ostentatious pieces of clothing. Even though allowance of casuals in schools presents the path of self-expression for many students it doesn’t really assist in distinguishing the students belonging to different schools and often results in the students’ incapability to represent their schools. Moreover, the school-goers are under no peer pressure regarding dressing up and to be socially accepted. Presence of uniforms results in a healthy climate for learning. Instead of spending money superfluously students can turn to saving it which may end up helping them when they actually require it. The pros of having a uniform policy for any school manage to go on forever as they indulge the students in the habit of responding well to authority. The uniforms are comparatively better than casuals as they also give the student a reality check by letting their brain absorb the fact that work places have their certain dress codes to which they will have to conform to someday. Lastly, as it has been aforementioned it’s not the rules that matter but the principals which are laid within them.

Analysis of the Star Wars Films

Analysis of the Star Wars Films A change in the force When I think of the term A Heros Journey the first image that comes to mind is Luke Skywalker standing proudly holding an outstretched lightsaber pointing to the stars with Princess Leia kneeling at his feet clutching a blaster as depicted on the cover of the 1978 movie Star wars IV: a New Hope. Like millions of other children, this film was, unknowingly, my first introduction into the idea of heroic archetypes. It was a story of a heros awakening and the struggle between the forces of light and dark, with glorious space battles, cocky space pirates and a pretty princess. I would watch the VHS tape multiple times a day. It had a very profound impact on my young mind and although the concept was used many times before, its sci-fi themed setting was more than enough to attract the attention millions of other kids and adults alike. It is well documented that George Lucas was heavily inspired by joseph Campbell (1904-1987) and his work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). In this Campbell outlines what he calls the heros journey; this is a motif of adventure and personal transformation that is used in nearly every cultures mythical framework. This is mirrored in A New Hope where in act one of the heros journey we meet Luke Skywalker who lives on the desert planet of Tatooine and works on his uncles moisture farm. It is soon after we learn of Lukes dreams of becoming a pilot but is bound by his obligations to his uncle to help with the harvest which will be ripe soon. When he receives the message contained within the R2-D2 droid from a princess in obvious distress it serves as his call to adventure and inspires his first steps on his journey which will lead him to Obi Wan Kenobi, his future mentor. Luke initially denies the call only changing his mind when his family and home are destroyed, only then accepting the first stage of his journey which is to rescue the princess. The second act is generally when the hero meets allies, enemies, undergoes life and death conflict and completes the main task in his journey. This can be seen when Luke and Ben enlist the services of rogues Han and Chewbacca and experience their first confrontation with the evil empire. As Luke escapes Tatooine in search of the princess on the planet Alderaan it is truly the beginning of his journey as he ventures into space on his quest. Luke receives training from Obi Wan and bonds with Han during this time and eventually meets the princess by the end of act two. Luke is also portraying similar characteristics of the epic hero during this time, starting in his humble beginnings as a farm boy to completing a task meant only for him and displaying many ideals of the epic hero such as morals, strength, faith, intelligence and bravery. While all these characteristics are vital to fulfil the epic hero role, it is faith that Luke must find in the force before he can truly achieve his heroic status. When Luke and the crew of the Millennium Falcon are captured by the death star, the audience is unsure if they will succeed in escaping and weather they rescue the princess along the way. Of course our hero finds the princess and achieves the goal while nearly being killed along the way. Luke escapes the death star and his task is achieved. Over the course of the second act Luke begins to displayÂÂ   the qualities of an epic hero, Luke is seen as morally positive intelligent man, optimistic about his mission and displays strength and bravery in a number of ways. His faith in the mystical force also develops as he preservers to continue forward after the death of his mentor Obi Wan. In the third act Luke displays what he has learnt over the course of his journey. It is only then that the hero can gain the true reward -in Lukes case this is knowledge. Lukes final task is to aid in the destruction of the Death Star and will only return if his mission is a success otherwise he will be killed and his journey will be over. During the final assault Luke displays growth as a hero, his belief in the force and his alliance with friend Han Solo further shows his hero status. Luke uses his new knowledge gained from his journey and the force to destroy the Death Star and save the rebel alliance from total destruction. It is at this point Luke Journey comes to an end for a New Hope but is continued by Lucas over the course the trilogy, this even continues into the latest instalment, The Force Awakens released in 2015. Although I have focused on Lukes role up until this point is also important to note the other archetypes present in The Star Wars movies.Firstly is Han Solo who is possibly the most beloved character in the original trilogy. This is mostly because of his bad boy image and that he is a cynical anti-hero figure and a bit of a cowboy who relies mostly on courage and the use of his blaster to escape tight situations. He is an independent and strong character as his name SOLO would suggest. In the first film Han can be seen as a shape shifter, perceived by the main character as someone he is unsure of trusting. Hanss intentions are hidden as well as his loyalties as he doesnt want to care about the rebellion or their struggle against the empire. He only wants to care for himself and problems directly affecting him. In the final moments of the battle at the end of Episode IV Han comes to Lukes aid and ends up joining the struggle with the rebels. Hanss journey is more about learning to car e for others rather than just about himself, this journey continues throughout the second and third films as Han the proven warrior now learns to love. Han is accompanied through the trilogy by his trusty companion Chewbacca. It is common for a hero to befriend a beast along the way as this helps the hero to be reminded of the natural world. Lukes main companions include the droids C3PO and R2-D2. They mostly serve comic relief and the everyman archetype. They react to situations much like the audience would if they were thrown into the action. They cower and flee from danger but are also the heralds who issue challenges to the hero as well as announce the coming of change in the heros future. R2-D2 also serves as the Catalyst of the story. He is passionate and helpful, and is completely dedicated to the cause, he delivered the first call to arms to Luke and eventually accompanying him to his next stage of training with the last remaining Jedi master Yoda. Yoda, similar to Obi Wan before him is the old man mentor archetype, although he also embodies multiple archetypes also. When Yoda first meets Luke in the swamps of Dagobah, he is the trickster who is pretending to be a senile old creature, later it is revealed that he is a threshold guardian who is protecting the wisdom and secrets of the Jedi order until the hero proves himself worthy of such gifts. These secrets also contain the truth about Lukes family and the eventual downfall of his father, Anakin Skywalker. Yoda is also represents the oracle that possesses the ability to see beyond the present to future possibilities. Lukes father Anakin Skywalker experiences a true Visionaries arc throughout the series. From a simple slave on Tatooine to becoming one of the last Jedi knights, he remained committed to the order until a vision of his dying mother and death of his beloved wife lead him to the dark side only to be reborn as the tyrannical Darth Vader. Vader is committed to the vision of the empire and remains its most staunch supporter until the undeniable force of change returns him to the light side of the force. This happens as a result of this long lost son Luke who he sacrifices himself to save from the emperor and herald in a new era in the process, which would be led by his children Luke and Leia. Princess Leia represents the feminine in the otherwise male dominated Star Wars universe. In the original trilogy she is firstly depicted as a damsel in distress who is captured by the empire and has to be rescued by the heros. She then reveals herself to be a warrior as she fights to escape the Death Star. Later in the series she takes on a leadership role in the rebel alliance and also a romantic role with Han Solo. In the final film of the original trilogy she is revealed to be the twin sister of Luke Skywalker, thus becoming a female counterpart to Luke with the same strength and potential he has. Leia and her mother Padme are also good examples of what may be perceived as gender bias in the original and prequel trilogies. Aside from these characters the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female characters. Similar to the society we live in, the Star Wars universe is predominantly patriarchal with characters such as Luke Skywalker and Obi Wan Kenobi garnering more attention with the female characters usually taking a back seat to the action when they are around. Characters such as Luke and Obi Wan show qualities such as loyalty, integrity and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, while the females are mostly submissive with very few opportunities to be heroic themselves. While the male characters mostly fill the role of the archetypal male hero that the audience is used to seeing, they do have some differences. Han Solo for example is good looking, adventurous with a bad boy attitude while at the same time being irresistible to the opposite sex. Luke Skywalker is also adventurous but is different in that by the end of the original trilogy does not win the girl and forgoes the stereotype of ladies man in favour of the serious hero with a solemn nature similar to the samurai found in the Kurosawa films that originally inspired Lucas. The Jedi from the prequels follow much the same archetypes, female Jedi are present in these movies but are mostly relegated to the background in scenes with no input of value coming from them during the course of the movies. Female villains are also noticeably missing from the films and females in general and are nowhere to be found in the ranks of the Galactic Empire, with the addition to the noticeable lack of alien creatures as well. Although, this may have been a product of the times of the original films production as women in general would not be viewed as legitimate villains. Regardless of the real reasons for this the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female heroes and villains alike. also worth noting is that the female characters do little to further the cause of the heros and will often get in the way, requiring the heros take time to rescue them. Leia may be an exception to this; she is the most influential female character by far in the Star Wars universe and after the release of Episode IV in 1977 lead to a noticeable uprising in strong female leads in film. Two years later we would see possibly the most heroic female character ever, Ellen Ripley appears in the hit horror movie Alien. With Linda Hamiltons Sarah Connor furthering the cause in 1984s The Terminator a few years later. How much influence Princess Leia had over these characters is easy to see. Leia is headstrong and cocky and when we are first introduced to her she is perceived by the audience as an authority figure being no way over sexualized. Even in the face of her captures she is fearless which is uncharacteristic of the damsel in distress idea. Episode IV is basically a story about a princess who needs to be rescued from the villains stronghold. Women are seen to be on a lower threshold than men and require rescuing as they cannot do so themselves, interestingly, as soon as the male heroes rescue Leia, she takes control of the situation telling the heroes what to do, even rescuing them in the process. At one point she even takes the weapon from Luke to open up a pathway to escape. When they finally escape the Death Star, Leia is also the only one to realise that their escape may have been too easy with the real reason being that they would be used to track the location of the rebel bases. As part of the Rebellion, Leia is also regarded as an authority figure. She orders the all-male rebel pilots around throughout the original trilogy. She is seen as an important and influential strong female protagonist.ÂÂ   Gwendolyn Glover, a noted feminist blogger writes, I know that for many, Princess Leia is a sex symbol. The unattainable and perfect woman. For me, Princess Leia is my feminist icon. She was my first (and pretty much only) female role model for feminism. In a male dominated universe, she stood out as a force to be reckoned with. Tough, smart, and outspoken, she typified everything that I wanted to be,(Glover, 2009). Leias role in Episode IV does a lot for female protagonists in the film industry. With the release of Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 Leias character conforms more to the traditional female character roles seen up until then in film. Her romance with Han Solo is a stark contrast to her disinterest in the male leads in the first film and she quickly becomes useless for the majority of the film. In the first 15 minutes of Episode V Han is required to rescue her from the crumbling ruins of the rebel base on Hoth while she displays fear of rodents and requires a male to kill them for her. Which all seems out of place for such an independent character who, in the previous film required none of this attention from her male counterparts and spends the majority of this film falling in love with one of them. One scene in particular stands out in Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. When Leia is confronted by Han, she is backed into a corner and asked about her true feelings, the male character takes her hands preventing her escape. The scene ends as she succumbs to her feelings and passionately kisses her capture. This scene can easily be construed as disturbing as it may teach men that borderline violent behaviour or intimidation is a viable way to a womans heart. This trend continues in Episode VI: Return of the Jedi when after rescuing Han from Jabba the Hutt, Leia is herself captured and forced to wear a gold bikini and lie at the foot of Jabbas bed with a collar around her neck, waiting to be rescued by a man. in this we see leias change from the first film where she is dresses from head to toe in white to the final film where we see her practically naked creating one of the most iconic images of male fantasy ever to be seen on the big screen. After she is rescued by Luke she succeeds in killing Jabba (who resembles a giant phallus) with the chain that was previously used to hold her. Towards the end of the film, Leia redeems herself by saving Hans life by shooting attacking Stormtroopers in the films final battle. Thus, although Leia conforms to the traditional gender roles, she does project some positive traits throughout the course of the original trilogy. With the release Star Wars: Episode VII The Force Awakens in 2015, popular culture was still lacking adequate female representation and role models. When a woman was cast as the lead character in the latest instalment of the Star Wars Saga it was a regarded as a big deal. Rey, played by Daisy Ridley was both a protagonist and a hero, she has no romantic interests, wears combat outfits and fights villains just like Anakin and Luke in the trilogies before her . Starting out as a scavenger on Jakku she combines some of the best traits of Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa and Han Solo and is both a relatable and believable female lead which is rare to see in films even today. This leads to breaking the stereotype which is present in the earlier films and reinforces the gender balance. Young girls growing up with these new films will have a role model to look up to, while boys will see Rey as a hero regardless of gender. Rey, and her companion Finn mirror well-known initiation myths from mythology: While Finn draws from various Biblical folktales and Celtic myths, Reys story is a updated version of one of the oldest myths, The Epic of Gilgamesh, while adding a feminist interpretation (Glen Robert Gill, 2016). Reys struggle with the main villain Kylo Ren, who is later revealed to be the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, resembles mythic themes of relations and rivalries between siblings. Although Reys lineage is kept secret from the viewer, the idea that she is a Skywalker would make perfect archetypal sense. When we are introduced to Rey we quickly realise she will follow much of the same traits as J.J. Abrams previous leading female characters such as Jennifer Garner of Alias and Anna Torv of Fringe. Rey is a solitary hero who resides in the desert. Her name evokes ideas of light or solar heroism (Ray) and royalty with Rey meaning King in Spanish. Rey however starts at the bottom of the social hierarchy unlike Gilgamesh. While stranded on the planet Jakku we see her scavenging parts from crashed Imperial ships as a means to survive which may be a forecasting of her future as a rebel. Rey is an inverted feminist version of Gilgamesh that will have to be trained and moulded with the martial tradition of the Jedi order to become a Jedi and possibly even becoming immortal during the course of the new films. Rey is also an orphan similar to Finn that reminds us of many female examples such as Daenerys Targaryen from Game Of Thrones, Jane Eyre or even Annie.ÂÂ   This can have special feminine implications as the search for her family is not just about parental affirmation but also about overcoming social vulnerabilities and inequities. Similar to the first meeting between Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu, the first time Rey and Finn meet they begin fighting and arguing with each other, only to later find a common purpose. Just as Rey is an inverted feminist Gilgamesh, Finn is an inverted version of Enkidu, Enkidu can be seen as a representation of the natural or uncivilized side of humanity. As Finn is spurred to escape the soulless structure of the First Order to the natural environment of the Resistance by the cold toughness of Captain Phasma, who is the negative projection of the maidenly anima. Phasmas chrome covered armor projects the mythological idea of the mirror, as this symbolizes self-contemplation and self-examination. As Finn and Rey grow closer as friends, we see in them less as deserters (Finn deserted the First Order, Rey was deserted on the desert planet by her family) but an updated version of the archetypal friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The friendship that develops between Rey and Finn during The Force Awakens reminds us that friendships born in the midst of battle do not need to be exclusively masculine, and do not have to be endorsed or convoluted by a romantic element. When Rey and Finn escape the planet Jakku they are introduced to Han Solo and Chewbacca, the original trilogys version of the same archetypal characters. Han Solos return also brings with it the Jungs archetypal figure the wise old man. Just like Obi-Wan Kenobis role to Luke in A New Hope, Han becomes a mentor figure to our main characters. Han also affirms the existence of the Force to Rey in the exact same location on board the Millennium Falcon as Obi-Wan Kenobi tutored Luke. Soon after our four heroes meet they must work together to escape gangsters who are attempting to capture Solo, the archetypal significance of this is found in the pursuing groups destruction by the hideous rathtars that escape their cages during the course of the action, these snake-tentacled creatures are reminiscent of the mythical Medusa that is itself a demonic incarnation of the yonic symbol that Freud called the vagina dentata(Leah12. 2012) In relation to Reys journey, this can be seen as a parallel of Gilgameshs battle with the monstrous Humbaba. In a archetypal sense monsters are generally projections of the negative self or extensions of the viewers self-image, it is also worth noting that while Gilgamesh decapitates his monster in an egoistic search for prestige, Rey only dismembers her monster to aid her companion, Finn. It is also notable that during Reys martial induction, she generally only uses her developing abilities for defence and enemy persuasion just as the Jedi code demands, and only time she is openly aggressive is when Finn is cut down during his battle with Kylo Ren in the films climax. Rey is basically the 21st century version of Luke Skywalker, a young 20 something character who is possibly the last hope for the Jedi order. Early in the film when Rey first meets Finn and they are fleeing from pursuing Stormtroopers, Finn repeatedly reaches for Reys hand to aid in her escape. Rey snaps at him I know how to run without you holding my hand. She also outmatches the main villain Kylo Ren both mentally and physically during the course of the film. One of the more notable scenes involves Han Solo recognising that Rey is somebody who can handle herself, in one scene in particular he offers to show Rey how to use a blaster to which she replies I think I can handle myself, his agreement reminds the viewer of how Leia saved his life at the end of Episode VI. He then continues to approve of her proficiency without coming across a patronising, even offering her a job alongside him and letting her fly his beloved Millennium Falcon. Rey is also an example of the young, maidenly aspects of Jungs term anima, which describes the archetypal feminine. Like much of Abrams previous work it shows an understanding that the anima does not need to be a companion or object of the masculine self which presumes the perspective of the audience, instead being a representation of that perspective. It has also been claimed that Reys character is whats described as a Mary Sue type anima archetype (Zulai Serrano, 2015), which claims the character can do no wrong, making her a character too unrealistic for some viewers. The rich feminine dimension of The Force Awakens makes itself very apparent with the first appearance of the droid BB-8, who serves as Reys heroic token just as R2-D2 served as Lukes. The figure eight body shape of BB-8 resembles that of theNeolithic Venus, which contrasts against the small phallic structure of R2-D2. BB-8 is what is called ayonic symbol, this is the archetypal image of female embodiment (the chassis of BB-8 houses the reward of the quest which is the map to finding the missing Luke Skywalker, this can also be seen as a sort of rebirth for the character in the process). As stated earlier, the original trilogy had only one main female character and although the Prequels had more female characters their representation was even worse, even going as far as to have Padme (Leias mother) dying of a broken heart in Episode VI. The new film takes steps to address this by having several women in key roles. General Leia is the leader of the resistance and has been allowed to age gracefully on screen, she is seen as the role of leader while still being a mother figure throughout. Over the course of the films Leia has moved from a Princess to a General and from a lover to a leader of the Resistance. Leia also functions independently without either Luke or Han which is very different than the last time we seen her in Return of the Jedi. Leia also conforms to the mature pole of the anima archetype, named by Jung as theGreat Mother. This marks a major archetypal change for Leia from the original trilogies, where she often functioned as the pure aspect of the anima, a role now taken by Rey. Leia still remains a positive representation of the anima as she continues to oppose the negative aspects of the anima, which Jung calls theTerrible Mother. This figure is not represented by one character in particular but by a vast destructive power such as the Death Stars of A New Hope and The Return of the Jedi, and its most recent incarnation Starkiller base in The Force Awakens. Where the Great Mother supports and upholds, similar to what Leia does, the Terrible Mother consumes all, as shown in the Death Stars ability to destroy planets from afar. We are also introduced to the character of Maz Kanata an old, wise mother figure who has been referred to as a female Yoda. It is Maz who gives Rey Luke Skywalkers lightsaber and Awakens the force in her. The fact that this character has been given Yodas role is very noticeable and can be seen as a major step in the gender balance issue. To a lesser extent Captain Phasma as a woman under the Stormtrooper suit is completely new to the Star Wars universe. It is also the first time we see female pilots at the controls of the X- wings during the final assault on Starkiller base which was unheard of before the release of the film. The Force Awakens is a game changer in many respects. It honors and updates the themes and tropes fans expect to find in the Star Wars universe by reiterating and reinterpreting compelling characters and symbology from known mythology. While still retaining its traditional values and fearlessly putting a female character such as Rey as the main protagonist and keeps a healthy mix of old and new characters that continue to transcend their archetype roles. The The Force Awakens can also be seen as more of a reboot than a sequel that builds on the best elements from the previous films and what it promises in the future.Whether the story of the Skywalker family continues throughout the course of the new trilogy is still to be determined but with the inclusion of Rey as the hero a new generation of fans (Male or Female) will look up to promises to bring us in new, fascinating directions. References Andrew Yang. (2015). The Archetypes Of Star Wars . Available: https://www.archetypes.com/the-archetypes-of-star-wars/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. Glen Robert Gill. (2016). Star Wars: The Force Awakens: An Archetypal Review. Available: http://brightlightsfilm.com/star-wars-the-force-awakens-archetype-gilgamesh-joseph-campbell-hero-mythic-myth-deepens/#. Last accessed 13th Jan 2017. Gwendolyn Glover. (2011). Women Role Models. Available: http://anna-reinertson.livejournal.com/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. John Paul Pianka. (2013). THE POWER OF THE FORCE: RACE, GENDER, AND COLONIALISM IN THE STAR WARS UNIVERSE. Available: http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040context=etd_mas_theses. Last accessed 14th Jan 2017. Kristen Brennan. (2013). Star Wars Origins. Available: http://www.moongadget.com/origins/myth.html. Last accessed 7th Jan 2017. Laura Hudson. (2013). Leia Is Not Enough: Star Wars and the Woman Problem in Hollywood. Available: https://www.wired.com/2013/02/opinion-star-wars-females-media/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. Leah12. (2012). The Monstrous Feminine. Available: http://monstrous-fem.blogspot.ie/. Last accessed 11th Feb 2017. Lucas Seastrom. (2015). Mythic Discovery Within the Inner Reaches of Outer Space: Joseph Campbell Meets George Lucas Part I. Available: http://www.starwars.com/news/mythic-discovery-within-the-inner-reaches-of-outer-space-joseph-campbell-meets-george-lucas-part-i. Last accessed 8th Feb 2017. Samuel James. (2015). How does Star Wars: The Force Awakens represent women ?. Available: http://screenprism.com/insights/article/what-does-star-wars-the-force-awakens-tell-us-about-its-representation. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017. WD TR. (2016). Star Wars : The Heroines Journey Of rey. Available: http://www.starwarsintheclassroom.com/content/hj/rey_hj.asp. Last accessed 16th Jan 2017. Zulai Serrano. (2015). Star Wars: The Force Awakens: Is Rey A Mary Sue? Twitter Sparks Fanboy Debate. Available: http://www.idigitaltimes.com/star-wars-force-awakens-rey-mary-sue-twitter-sparks-fanboy-debate-499248. Last accessed 20th Feb 2017.

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay

The Process Heat Exchangers Engineering Essay In this chapter, a full unit of heat exchanger will be designed including its chemical and mechanical design. A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer between two fluids from one medium to another. The medium may be separated by a solid wall, so that the fluids never mix, or the fluids may never be in direct contact. Two fluids of different temperatures will flow through the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing. 3.1.1 Classification of Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. There are two main flow arrangements which are parallel-flow and counter-current-flow. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. Compared both flow arrangements, the counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium. 3.1.2 Types of Heat Exchanger There are many types of heat exchanger in industry. The types chosen based on the function of the heat exchanger itself. Choosing the right heat exchanger requires knowledge of different type of heat exchanger as well as well as the environment in which the heat exchanger will operate. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, the best selection can be made in optimizing the process. Below, in Table 3.1 are list of types and functions of each heat exchanger. Table 3.1: Types and Functions of Heat Exchanger in Industry No. Types Functions 1. Double pipe heat exchanger The simplest type. Use for heating and cooling. 2. Shell and tube heat exchanger Used for all application. 3. Plate exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 4. Plate-fin exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 5. Spiral heat exchanger Use for heating and cooling. 6. Air cooled Cooler and condenser. 7. Direct contact Cooling and quenching. 8. Agitated vessels Use for heating and cooling. 9. Fired heaters Use for heating and cooling. Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. 3.1.3 Selections of Heat Exchanger Typically in the manufacturing industry, several different types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the final product. In order to select an appropriate heat exchanger, one would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Although cost is often the first criterion evaluated, there are several other important selection criteria which include: High/ Low pressure limits Thermal Performance Temperature ranges Product Mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid) Pressure Drops across the exchanger Fluid flow capacity Clean-ability, maintenance and repair Materials required for construction Ability and ease of future expansion 3.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 3.2.1 Design Criteria for Process Heat Exchangers There are some criteria that a process heat exchanger must satisfy are easily enough stated if we confine ourselves to a certain process. The criteria include: The heat exchanger must meet the process requirements. This means that it must effect the desired change in thermal condition of the process stream within the allowable pressure drops. At the same time, it must continue doing this until the next scheduled shut down for maintenance. The heat exchanger must withstand the service conditions of the environment of the plant which includes the mechanical stresses of installation, startup, shutdown, normal operation, emergencies and maintenance. Besides, the heat exchanger must also resist corrosion by the environment, processes and streams. This is mainly a matter of choosing materials of construction, but mechanical design does have some effect. The heat exchanger must be maintainable, which usually implies choosing a configuration that permits cleaning and replacement. In order to do this, the limitations is the positioning the exchanger and providing clear space around it. Replacement usually involves tubes and other components that may be especially vulnerable to corrosion, erosion, or vibration. The cost of the heat exchanger should be consistent with requirements. Meaning of the cost here implement to the cost of installation. Operation cost and cost of lost production due to exchanger malfunction or unavailable should be considered earlier in the design. The limitations of the heat exchanger. Limitations are on length, diameter, weight and tube specifications due to plant requirements and process flow. 3.2.2 Structure of the Heat Exchanger The basic structure of heat exchanger is the same whether using hand design method or computer design method. The logical structure of the heat exchanger design procedure is shown in Figure 2.15. From the figure, clearer view and steps of designing a heat exchanger can be obtained. Figure 3.1: Basic Logical Structure of Heat Exchanger Design 3.3 CHEMICAL DESIGN 3.3.1 Problem Identification In designing a heat exchanger in production of 100, 000 metric tonnes/year of Acrylonitrile, there is only one heat exchanger exists. The function of it is to exchange the temperature between the stream from Reactor with the temperature from 125 °C to 25 °C and the stream comes from Reboiler 5 from 90 °C to 120 °C. 90.0 0C 125.0 0C 450.0 0C 120.0 0C Figure 3.2: Diagram of shell and tube heat exchanger 3.3.2 Determination of physical properties Table 3.2: Physical Properties of the tube side fluid (water) Properties Inlet Mean Outlet Temperature (0C) 90.0 105 120 Pressure (kPa) 70.139 120.82 198.52 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 4.204 4.224 4.249 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1154 0.1198 0.1127 Density (kg/m3) 0.431 0.623 0.721 Viscosity (N sm-2) 3.145 x 10-4 2.677 x 10-4 2.321 x 10-4 Table 3.3: Physical Properties of shell fluid ( process fluid) Properties Average Temperature, Tave = 287.5 0C Pressure (kPa) 150 Specific heat (kJ/kg0C) 1.1 Thermal conductivity (W/m0C) 0.1553 Density (kg/m3) 1.255 Viscosity (N sm-2) 4.529 x 10-4 Only the thermal design will be carried out by using Kerns method. Since water is corrosive, so the tube-side is assign. Logarithmic mean temperature, Where, T1 = Inlet shell side fluid temperature T2 = Outlet shell side fluid temperature t1 = Inlet tube side fluid temperature t2 = Outlet tube side fluid temperature Thus, Log mean temperature = 131.4477 0C The true temperature difference is given by, Where, is the temperature correction factor From Figure 12.19, Chemical Engineering Design, Thus, 0C From Table 12.1(Sinnott 2005), we assume value of overall coefficient, U = 500.0 W/m2.oC. Heat Load: Heat transfer area, Where, Q = heat transferred per unit time (W) U = overall heat transfer coefficient,(W/m2.oC) Tm = the mean temperature difference (oC) Thus, = 190.126 m2 3.3.3 Tube-side coefficient Table 3.4: Dimension of Heat-Exchanger tubes Material Carbon Steel Outer diameter, Dto (mm) 50.8 Length of tube Lt (m) 5.0 Inner diameter, Dti (mm) 45.26 BWG number 12.0 Source: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, C. J. Geankoplis Heat transfer area of a tube, At = Ï€DoL = Ï€ (50.8 x 10-3) 5 = 0.798 m2 Number of tube, Nt = A/At = 190.126 / 0.798 = 238.25 = 239 tubes Cross sectional area of a tube = (Ï€Di2) / 4 = [Ï€ (45.26 x 10-3)2] 4 = 1.6089 x 10-3 m2 By using two passes; Total tube area, AT = (239 / 2) (1.6089 x 10-3) = 0.1923 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = flowrate / A = 29.96 / 0.1923 = 155.798 kg/m2.s Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 155.798 x 0.04526 ] / 4.529 x 10-4 = 1.557 x 10 4 Prandtl number, = [ 3.1731 x 155.798 ] / 0.1553 = 3183.275 Nusselt number, NuD = 0.027 Rea Prb [ µ /  µw]c = 0.027 (1.557 x 10 4)0.8 (3183.275)0.3 x 1 = 685.578 Stanton number, St = NuD / [Re(Pr)] = 685.578 / [1.557 x 10 4 x 3183.275 ] = 1.383 x 10-5 Heat Transfer factor, jh = St Pr0.67 = 1.383 x 10-5 ( 3138.275 )0.67 x 1 = 3.045 x 10-3 Tube-side heat transfer coefficient, hi = 2329.599 W/ m2.0C 3.3.4 Shell side coefficient 1.25 triangular pitch was chosen to calculate the bundle diameter. From table 12.4 (Sinnott 2005), constants value for 2 tube passes condition is K1 = 0.249 and n1 = 2.207 Bundle diameter, Db = Dto (Nt / K1) 1/n1 = 50.8 ( 239 / 0.249)1/2.207 = 1122.575 mm Pull-through floating head type was the best selection. From Figure 12.10 (Sinnott 2005), bundle diameter clearance is 95 mm. Shell diameter, Ds = 1122.575 + 95 = 1217.575 mm For selecting baffle spacing, the optimum spacing chosen is 0.2 times the shell diameters. Baffle spacing, B = 0.2 Ds = 0.2 (1217.575) = 243.515mm Tube pitch pt = 1.25 Do = 1.25 (50.8) = 63.5mm Cross-flow area, = 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs = Ws / As = 47.7672 / 0.0593 = 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, = 36.07 mm Shell-side heat transfer coefficient, ho Reynolds number, Re = [ Gsdi ] /  µ = [ 805.518 x 36.07 x 10-3 ] / 2.677 x 10-4 = 1.0854 x 10 5 Prandtl number, = [2.677 x 10-4 (2.4923 x 103) ] / 0.1553 = 4.296 Note that 45% baffle cut has been chosen, neglect the viscosity correction term. From Figure 12.29 (Sinnott, 2005), jh = 2.8 x 10-3 = 1640.892 W/m2.0C 3.3.5 Overall Coefficient Table 3.5: Dimensions in overall coefficient Material Carbon steel Thermal conductivity of carbon steel Kw = 45 W/m0C The fouling factor for cooling water hid 5000 W/m2.0C The fouling factor for aqueous salt solutions h0 =3000 W/m2.0C Source: Chemical Engineering Design, R.K.Sinnott. The relationship between overall coefficient and individual coefficients is given by: UO = 583.359 W/m2.0C Well approximately the initial estimate of 600 W/m2.0C, so design has adequate area for the duty required. 3.3.6 Tube-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, = 14526.371 From Figure 12.24 of Chemical Engineering. (Vol. 6) Friction factor, jf = 0.045 Tube side pressure drop, Where, m = 0.25 for laminar flow, Re2100 Np = number of tube side passes = 23135.87 N/m2 = 2.3135 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.7 Shell-side Pressure Drop Reynolds number, Re = 1.0854 x 10 5 From the Figure 12.30 (Sinnott 2005), Friction factor, jf = 0.024 Shell side pressure drop, = 64327.95 N/m2 = 64.328 kPa (Acceptable) 3.3.8 Summary of Calculation Type of shell and tube is carbon steel with Kw of 45 W/m.0C. While, specification of inside diameter is 45.27mm, outside diameter is 50.8mm and length of 5m. Table 3.6:Tube-side specification Parameter Results ΔTlm 131.4477 oC R 10.833 S 0.833 FT 0.93 ΔTm 122.246 oC Area, A 190.126 m2 Number of tubes, Nt 239 tubes Water linear velocity, ut 155.798 kg/m2.s Heat transfer coefficient, hi 2329.599 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPt 2.3135 kPa Table 3.7: Shell-side specification Parameter Results Bundle diameter, Db 1122.575 mm Shell diameter, Ds 1217.575 mm Baffle spacing, lB 243.515mm Shell area, As 0.0593 m2 Mass velocity, Gs 805.518 kg/m2.s Equivalent diameter, de 36.07 mm Shell coefficient, ho 1640.892 W/m2.0C Pressure drop, ΔPs 64.328 kPa Overall coefficients, U 583.359 W/m2.0C 3.4 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER 3.4.1 Design Parameter Table 3.8: Design Parameter Parametre SI Unit English Unit Design temperature, TD 460 OC 860 OF Operating pressure, Po 300 kPa 43.51 psi Internal diameter, Di 1.217 m 47.913 ft Hemispherical length 0.65 m 2.13 ft Shells length 5.0 m 16.40 For this heat exchanger, the design pressure is 43.51 psi and above the atmosphere pressure (15 psi). Based on study, if Po > Patm (Pgage = Pabs Patm), the calculation for this heat exchanger is under internal pressure and the pressure that will used is, Po = Pabs Pgage = 43.51 psi 15 psi = 28.51 psi Calculation of design pressure for each part of heat exchanger by taking 10% safety factor: P1 = PO + PH = 28.51 + 0.433 (2.13) = 29.431 psi x 1.1 = 32.38 psi Because this heat exchanger design is horizontal, so the value P1 = P2 = P3 = 32.38 psi Thickness for each part of vessel: themispherical , t = tcylindrical : Circumferential; t = Longitudinal; t = For cylindrical, the highest thickness value calculated will be chosen. So, from the calculation above the thickness for cylindrical part is 0.0446 inch. Now by adding corrosion allowance, CA of 2 mm (0.07874 in.), themispherical = 0.0223in + 0.07874in = 0.101in tcylindrical = 0.0446in + 0.07874in = 0.12334in The material construction for this heat exchanger is carbon steel due to price and work in many applications. The highest value from these two types of wall thicknesses is 0.12334 inch, so the minimum wall thickness of this heat exchanger is 0.12334 inch (3.133mm). The nominal wall thickness for carbon steel at market is 0.1182 inch (3mm). Because of the nominal wall thickness is lower than the calculated we must take the calculated thickness t = 0.12334 inch (3.133 mm) as value of wall thickness. To calculate the maximum allowable working pressure for each part, MAWPpart , the thickness must subtract the corrosion allowance: t = 0.12334in 0.07874in = 0.0446in MAWPpart (hemispherical): P = MAWPpart (cylindrical): Circumferential; P = Longitudinal; P = The smallest value of pressure will be chosen. So, the internal pressure for cylindrical part is 32.383 psi. By subtracting the hydrostatic pressure, PH for each part, MAWPpart (hemispherical) = 64.812 psi (0.433)(2.13) = 63.889 psi =440.5 kPa MAWPpart (cylindrical) = 32.383 psi (0.433)(16.01) = 25.451 psi =175.478 kPa The smallest value of pressure is taken as MAWPpart which is 25.451psi. This value is the maximum allowable pressure for the whole vessel.

Define and discuss the traditional role of a narrator Within a Blood Es

Define and discuss the traditional role of a narrator Within a Blood Brothers. Compare the role of the narrator in the Play Blood Brothers and consider how you Would present the narrator to an audience if you were the director. Blood Brothers Essay Define and discuss the traditional role of a narrator. Within a Blood Brothers. Compare the role of the narrator in the Play Blood Brothers and consider how you. Would present the narrator to an audience if you were the director. The dictionary definition of narrate – VT (a story) to tell, relate; to give an account of; (film, TV) to provide a spoken commentary for narration n – narrator n... The tradition of narration came from the Greek chorus. Their were thirteen people in the chorus; all singing and dancing. The chorus which served as the narrator, asked probing questions, and also gave great advice to the heroes. If there was any violence it was merely narrated. The purpose of the narrator is to fill in the audience and let them know what is going on. Narration is one of the most important components of a story. The characters, plot, setting, and theme are also significant; however the narrator sets the mood and also the pace of the story. In Blood Brothers the narrator plays a variety of roles for example sometimes he is at a higher status than them and also is sometimes very negative. The original Greek narrator was in a chorus which consisted of thirteen people, in the play blood brothers the narrator also sang with the characters. They usually stayed as part of the chorus or on the side of the stage. They knew everything about the characters sometimes they could see into the future like in blood brothers the narrator was preparing the audience for what was going to come next in act 4 Scene 1. They usually spoke the beginning and end of the play he narrated the beginning of the play to set the scene and at the end he was the last one to speak before they both died. In act 1 scene 1 the narrator is a storyteller. He also sounds, very negative in what he is saying as he says ‘ Brother parted from brother’ ‘Wrenched apart’ ‘A stone in the place of a heart’ which is negative she gave him away because she didn’t think she would be able to cope and also because of money as well as her other seven children. I feel that the narrator is being very hars... ...lk around so he would be in with the cast to show the equality in status at times. He would have a deep voice as many people see god as having a deep voice and as he is controlling the families and is a higher status and people see god to be in the sky. My narrator would appear at the beginning and at the end of the play he would also appear to sing with the characters he would also be standing on the balcony at the side when he would be controlling the families I would also want him to interact with the characters so I would also having him walking around in between the characters when they are frozen and he is explaining to the audience what is happening. For the body language if I was showing the bad sign off him I would make him stand in one place at a higher status staring down at the characters but if he’s in a good mood I want him walking around interacting with the characters. I would also give him a strong accent and he would also talk loud as that’s how many people see god. Conclusion The understanding of the narrator has helped me to analyse this dramatic technique by setting the scene and also explaining to the audience what is going on.

Gilligan’s Perception of Morality in An American Story :: American Story Essays

Gilligan’s Perception of Morality in An American Story Though individuals live by and react similarly to various situations, not all people have the same morals. I can relate to instances where I have supported a belief, regardless of the criticisms that arise, all because my choice is based upon personal morals. The same can be said regarding Debra J. Dickerson as she expresses in her novel, An American Story. In Carol Gilligan’s â€Å"Concepts of Self and Morality,† she states, â€Å"The moral person is one who helps others; goodness in service, meeting one’s obligations and responsibilities to others, if possible without sacrificing oneself† (170). After considering this statement, I strongly feel that Gilligan’s proposal lacks the depth to accurately characterize the moral person, but I am able to accept the argument raised by Joan Didion. Her essay entitled, â€Å"On Morality,† clearly provides a more compelling and acceptable statement in describing the moral person by saying, â€Å"I fo llowed my own conscience, I did what I thought was right† (181). Joan Didion’s proposal is precise and acceptable. It is obvious that as long as people follow what they believe is the right thing to do, and approach the situation maturely, their actions can be considered examples of morality, and they can then be considered moral human beings. A moral person goes beyond the phrase, â€Å"without sacrificing oneself,† provided by Gilligan in her essay. This is clear by looking back at a specific example. I can recall a time when an entire class of mine decided to play a trick on a teacher in high school. They planned on manipulating her by telling lies in regard to what she had assigned and made her feel embarrassed. I wanted not to be part of these hurtful actions, so rather than tagging along as most of the other students, I did something about it. I stood my ground and as the students told one lie after another, I raised my hand and made her aware of the prank that was being executed. Though everyone looked upon me as the one who spoiled everything, the simple gesture of raising my hand revealed my morals to the class. At the time, I followed my conscience and followed through with what I thought was right, whether others agreed with me or not. This clearly supports and exemplifies Didon’s explanation o f the moral person.

Critically Analyse The Rehabilitative Element Of Prison Paying Australia Essay

I choose Bunnings warehouse company for the instance survey. This is a Australian company.it has many subdivisions in whole Australia.the foremost subdivision Arthur & A ; Robert arrive in WA. Bunnings Bros Pty Ltd is founded. Soon after they purchase their first sawmill in 1886 Subsequently on Bunnings expand in the WA market, adding edifice supplies to the bing lumber concern ; go a public company and the taking provider of WA difficult forests to the lodging building industry. In1952 Bunnings continue to spread out its operations with new Warehouses, Small Format Stores and Trade CentresA throughout Australia & A ; New Zealand now yearss. The squad of Bunning warehouse pursue sustainability within our operations by endeavoring to do them socially responsible, environmentally cognizant and economically feasible. The aspiration of bunnings to supply widest scope of place betterment merchandises at the lowest monetary values to their clients. We seek to decrease our environmental impact in ways that are mensurable including: achieving better More efficient usage of resources ; Guaranting our providers Operate sustain competently Ethically ; and educating clients about environmentally friendly options ; and concentrating on the â€Å" cut down, re-use and recycle † waste direction rules.AAs portion of our national rollout plan, we are go oning to get suited sites for new shops in both metropolitan and regional and Territory in Australia, every bit good as holding important rollout plan, we are go oning to get new shops in both metropolitan and regional locations. As portion of our national rollout plan, we are go oning to get suited sites for new Wes husbandmans purchase the BBC Hardware web including Hardware house and Benchmark shops in Australia and New Zealand. In 2001 A Our gross revenues reached A $ 6.4 billion in 2009/2010 and we employ over 30,000 Team Members. Our Team Members are the bosom and psyche of our concern. We engage with the communities in which we operate and unrecorded and we actively contribute to causes and administrations that benefit these communities. We value our Team Members ‘ parts, recognise and honor their attempts and supply a merriment, fulfilling and safe workplace. We will go on to â€Å" construct the best † and earn the right to function our clients tomorrow and into the hereafter. Bunnings & A ; Hardware house carry the largest scope of place betterment ware in Australia, over 45,000 merchandises. At Bunnings Warehouse we are invariably conveying new and exciting merchandises into our shops. Bunnings spouses with over 1,000 Australian and International providers. Bunnings penchant is to back up locally based and Australian made merchandises wherever possible, but besides purchases many types of imported merchandises from around the Earth.Such asBathroom and Kitchen Lighting and Electrical Outdoorss Populating Paint Storage and Administration Tools and Hardware Builders and Refinishers Shocking Garden Benefits and costs are frequently expressed in money footings, and are adjusted for the clip value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of undertaking costs over clip. Cost/Benefit Analysis is a powerful, widely used and comparatively easy tool for make up one's minding whether to do a alteration or non. To utilize the tool, foremost they work out how much the alteration will be to do. Then cipher the benefit you will from it. E commercialism interfaces of bunnings warehouse Such as.. Customers can make online shopping where costs or benefits are paid or received over clip, work out the clip it will take for the benefits to refund the costs. An on-line Catalogue of Products, complete with exposure, thorough description, and shopping cart to enable users of the site to easy buy merchandises Cross-sell and up sell merchandise suggestions throughout the site to guarantee clients see a wide choice of merchandises â€Å" Out of stock † merchandises easy and clearly identified, but still listed in the catalogue Price show including GSTA for retail, and ex-GST for sweeping A minimal order value applied to sweeping clients Different transporting computation for retail and sweeping buyers, and extra computations based on the location of the sweeping clients Interface with Secure Pay payment gateway to treat payments immediately Access to current, accurate informations and studies on site activity, including gross revenues, day-to-day traffic volumes, popular pages, and hunt footings used by visitants to happen on web site. Support for international gross revenues in the hereafter Easy to shopping on line through the bunning ‘s web site hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bunnings.com.au we can happen any merchandise with monetary value hypertext transfer protocols: //www.bunnings.com.au Find out our services, gift cards, our scope, our new release merchandises, new shops and etcaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..â€Å" Always lowest monetary values merely the beginnings â€Å"Top of Form Always seeking the most advanced and new merchandises available to the market, our Buying and importing squad travel the Earth to Trade Fairs and providers in many states.Intranets and extranets are communicating tools designed to enable easy information sharing within workgroups.Intranet a private computing machine web that uses the protocols of the Internet.Facilitate communicating between people or workgroups to better the information sharing capableness and overall cognition base of an organisation ‘s employees.A common extension to intranets, called extranets, opens this firewall to supply controlled entree to foreigners. Intranet consists of an internal electronic mail system and possibly a message board service. More sophisticated intranets include Web sites and databases incorporating company intelligence, signifiers, and forces information.ExtranetA web that links an endeavor to assorted divisions and concern spouses, utilizing unafraid Internet links.An extranet can l et public entree to employees, clients, clients or spouses. The extranet uses Internet protocols so users can voyage with a browser, but resides on the company ‘s private waiter instead than on a public Internet waiter. Extranet entree from the Internet can be controlled through watchword or username specific. Another resource an extranet can supply is the ability to make unafraid countries for interaction between an organisation and its spouses or resellers. Extranets can revolutionise the manner a company does concern, better the bottom line, enrich the client base, and create chancesBusiness schemeScheme is the way and range of an administration over the long-run: which achieves advantage for the administration through its constellation of resources within a ambitious environment, to run into the demands of markets and to carry through stakeholder outlooks † .Aims and SchemesThe Business Objectives column is the ‘what ‘ –What will you accomplish in your concern and by when?The Business Strategies column is the ‘how ‘ –How will you accomplish the aims you have set?Obviously, the aims and schemes should be monitored and modified, as the concern environment requires.AKey Business Objectives –Year OneBusiness Schemes1. To set up a workplace thatA A A A maps at optimal capacity 1. Rent mill infinite with a lock up storage country 2. Ensure all natural stuffs are on regular auto-order 3. Test mill equipment to guarantee maximal functionality 2. Have $ 50,000 turnover in first twelvemonth of operation 1. Supply stock to 1000 retail mercantile establishments throughout Sydney and environing tourer countries 2. Offer free merchandise to a assortment of place ware and homeA interior designer shops as a signifier of publicity 3.Develop a referral wages plan for those retail mercantile establishments that refer me to other possible providers 3. Construct a repute for quality, error-free merchandises and service 1. Ensure that natural stuffs are purchased from providers of the highest quality 2. Organize infinite to guarantee optimal production efficiency and quality 3. Feedback from clients and providers 4. Construct a client relationship base on which to spread out merchandise scope 1. Undertake networking activities to construct up name and repute 2. Always provide exceeding, on-time, service to clients 3. Keep up to day of the month with tendencies and invariably supply new and exciting merchandises for clients to take from. 5. Have merchandise scope expand to include a assortment of hand-crafted place ware by the terminal of the first 12 months 1. Take short classs to larn how to bring forth points that involvement me 2. Promote continued feedback from retail merchants on shelf life of assorted merchandises and consumer purchasing forms 3. Subscribe to magazines and publications to maintain up with new and altering tendencies. The responsible entity, Bunnings Property Management Limited ( BPML ) has defined the nucleus intent of the Trust as being: To supply a premium commercial existent estate investing merchandise, presenting a secure and turning income watercourse and long-run capital growing. To accomplish this nonsubjective the responsible entity will prosecute the undermentioned chief schemes: Better returns from bing assets through focused and pro-active plus direction Generate growing by geting quality commercial belongingss that meet the Trust ‘s investing standards Deliver efficiency, sustainability and value through effectual direction of the Trust and its capital Investing standards Ample land country ( mean 3 hectares ) Offers geographic diverseness Financially significant renter in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable concern Visible and accessible from a major route, main road or expressway Ready vehicle entree and ample on-site parkingSurveiesThey do study through the Internet from client. They take the client sentiment about bunning ‘s merchandisesSuch as what is client ‘s sentiment on Bunnings Warehouse?What are the demands and privation of clients?What they would wish to better in service or merchandises?They can make study online and face to confront through distribute bookletsThey increase their sale through advertizement on Television, through provide price reduction, bunning warehouse ever unfastened 7 yearss which is good for every client who are busy during weekdays they can make shopping during weekends.Company paperssBUNNING warehouse is registered company with ASX.To win in the market topographic point you need direct entree to the most accurate and timely information available.A With ASX engineering and resources, we can supply nonsubjective company and fiscal market information and have a scope of merchandises and services to back up your busi ness.AASX Market Information is direct from the beginning. ASX market informations is derived straight from our merchandising systems every bit good as company studies and a Market Point is our premium, low latency connexion to ASX market activity. Sellers can subscribe to existent clip or delayed informations, sourced either straight from ASX or via a 3rd party supplier.a choice group of administrations on the planetary capital phase. An ASX listing provides secondary market liquidness and greater entree to initial and on-going support that will enable your company to develop and turn. The enhanced profile of listing can besides profit your concern by and large, bettering your credibleness with clients, providers, investors and loaners.Conducting interviewsThey conduct interviews of new staff and new skateholders.if they find they are eligible so they select them for company with all demands. Compensation and salary to staff. Bunnings Warehouse wage & A ; compensation reappraisals include all sign language and year-end fillips, holiday clip and other fringe benefits and reimbursements that make up entire compensation.E-Commerce ProcedureThe E-commerce procedure is the full procedure that takes topographic point when a client ‘s information is collected, stored, analysed, and so presented back to the client in a utile format. Our E-business procedure is merely a little part of our E-commerce procedure. Because of this, our E-commerce overview will concentrate on the part of our system that is non seeable to our clients. This part of the system is the â€Å" behind the scenes † portion of our concern scheme. Our e-commerce program is based upon the storage and analysis of two groups of informations: Demographical informations on their clients Use statistics of the arcade machines ( clip in usage, money collected ) A The demographics will be informations such as the age, sex, and location of our client ‘s frequenters. We may spread out the field of information collected and provided to our clients.AOur clients will be able to see the information. We have collected and analysed via a web via the Internet. Clients will be able to see our web site and log into a customer-specific secure web page When the client is logged into our system, they will hold entree to tin studies that have been generated from the informations collected via our system at the client ‘s concern location. A The informations transportation performed by Transmission Control Protocol TCP by and large guarantees that the informations will be sent right to the finish terminal system. To carry through this, TCP Divides the informations received from the application bed into suitably sized packages for the web bed, ( 2 ) Acknowledges all packages received, ( 3 ) Sets time-outs to guarantee that the finish terminal system acknowledges that the packages were received, and Performs other actions to guarantee that when TCP receives informations from the application bed, the corresponding TCP bed on the finish terminal system receives that informations right.Decision:Bunnings is committed to take parting in the communities in which we operate by lending to local, regional and national causes, charities and administrations throughout Australia and New Zealand. We are continue better our service and supply good merchandises to our clients. Bunnings is proud to supply a broad scope of support for a cross subdivision of community groups, not-for-profit and charitable administrations. Our squads supported good over 25,000 community activities through community sausage sizzles, local undertakings, blitzes and fund-raising in 08/09. Our support included Team Member engagement, parts and merchandise contributions. This engagement has helped raise and lend more than $ 15.2 million to community groups across Australia.

Pacific Oil Company Failed Negotiation

Richard Paguirigan National University/Law 402 Professor Hamlin January 22, 2012 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Fontaine's and Gaudin's negotiating strategy in their deliberations with Reliant Chemical Company. Fontaine and Gaudin started off with a competitive strategy, wherein the outcome of the negotiation was more important than the relationship. This is evidenced by the fact that the market for VCM would be oversupplied in a few years due to the building of new chemical plants and a drop in demand. Pacific only needed to secure an extension from Reliant to enable them to maintain operations for just a while longer or until they could come up with a new business strategy for the future. There is nothing to suggest that Pacific had any incentive to maintain a relationship with Reliant after that time. Although Pacific was considering becoming a producer of PVC products in order to minimize its dependence on external sales, no firm decision had yet been made so Pacific’s possible survival was still up in the air. Fontaine and Gaudin were aware that they had less than a three year window in which to extend the contract. They also knew that Reliant was probably aware that the market was going soft. Although Fontaine and Gaudin began their efforts with a sense of urgency to extend the contract with Reliant, they came into negotiation not having really developed their strategy and how they would attack it. They were unprepared for the issues that Reliant brought up and were essentially on the defensive throughout. The sense of urgency that exhibited coming into the negotiations was undermined by their failure to set time limits or deadlines. They were fair game for â€Å"entrapment† by the Reliant since they really had no information about Reliant’s situation and therefore could not counter or reverse the attack. Although Competitive Strategy was the intent, poor planning and unanticipated problems along the way caused their strategy to get flipped around and they succumbed to utilizing an Accommodating strategy (lose to win) in the end. Strengths: â€Å"The accommodating strategy may be used to encourage a more interdependent relationship, to increase support and assistance from the other, or even cool off hostile feelings if there is tension in the relationship. If the relationship is ongoing, then it may be particularly appropriate to â€Å"back down† now, to keep communication lines open and not pressure the opponent to give in on something that they do not want to discuss (Lewicki 18)†. Weaknesses: In most cases, this is a short-term strategy used with the expectation that accommodation now will create an opportunity to achieve outcome goals in the future. This strategy should only be used when the outcome is not very important or if the primary objective is to improve the relationship. Unfortunately, for Pacific the outcome was important though the relationship wasn’t. 2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Hauptman's and Zinnser's negotiating strategy. Hauptman and Zinnser utilized Competitive Strategy (win to lose). Unlike Pacific, Reliant had done its research and was fully aware of Pacific’s situation and the market dynamics going on at the time and, presumably well into the future. They had a plan, developed a strategy and used it to their advantage. Essentially, Reliant had been given no incentive by Pacific to extend the contract. They had done their research, and armed with the knowledge gleaned and now aware as to the reasons why Pacific was so eager to extend the contract, they took the opportunity to gain the upper hand. Since Pacific never imposed any deadlines, they stalled for as long as they could all the while arguing for, and getting a number of concessions along the way. They were never on the defensive at any time since Pacific had nothing on them. They were in a favorable position to â€Å"entrap† Pacific, causing them to change strategies which resulted in failed negotiations. Strengths: The Competitive strategy is effective in getting the other party to give in, and thus to satisfy the competitor’s needs now. Weaknesses:. The outcome of the negotiation is more important than the relationship. It strains and endangers the relationships between the parties. 3. What action should Fontaine take at the end of the case? Fontaine needs to reverse the damage done. Perhaps a collaborative strategy is in order. If Fontaine can convince Reliant that they will get into the PVC business after all and possibly become a PVC products manufacturer, hence a competitive threat, maybe Reliant will then get off their high horse and agree to cooperate for the mutual benefit of everyone. Pacific will need to make some concessions. Price, exclusive contracts or even a non-compete agreement may convince Reliant it would not be worth it to retaliate against Pacific.